Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

The prefrontal cortex, especially the right side, plays a major role in:

• Attention and focus

• Impulse control

• Emotional regulation

• Working memory

In ADHD, this area may function less efficiently, leading to executive dysfunction—a term for difficulty with planning, time management, organization, and self-regulation.

Common ADHD symptoms from PFC differences:

• Inattention

• Time blindness

• Trouble regulating emotions

• Difficulty multitasking

• Impulsive behavior

Basal Ganglia

The basal ganglia help regulate movement, behavior, and learning. In ADHD, this region may be smaller or less active, leading to issues with motivation, task completion, and memory.

Related ADHD symptoms:

• Hyperactivity

• Impulsivity

• Disorganization

• Forgetfulness

• Poor task prioritization

Limbic System

The limbic system includes the amygdala and hippocampus and is responsible for emotional reactions and memory.

ADHD can cause dysregulation in this area, resulting in strong emotional responses, mood swings, and rejection sensitivity dysphoria (RSD).

Common symptoms:

• Moodiness or irritability

• Emotional outbursts

• Sleep disturbances

• Low self-esteem

• Difficulty calming down

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

The reticular activating system manages alertness, attention, and sleep-wake cycles.

In ADHD, the RAS is often dysregulated, contributing to ADHD insomnia and circadian rhythm shifts.

Signs of RAS-related issues:

• Difficulty falling asleep

• Trouble waking up

• Inattention during the day

• Impulsive behavior

• Chronic fatigue despite adequate sleep